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PIMany people think oil is all the same, but that isn’t true. The quality of crude oil makes a big difference.
Some oil is light and easy to process, while other oil is thick and harder to refine. This affects how much useful fuel can be made and how much money refineries earn.
Lighter crude oil is easier and cheaper to refine. It produces more valuable fuels like gasoline and jet fuel, which means higher profits.
Heavier crude oil is thicker and contains more impurities. It needs more complex refining, more energy, and often produces more low-value products like heavy fuel oil.
Oil quality is often measured using API gravity. The higher the API number, the lighter the oil.
Here’s a simple comparison of some well-known crude oils:
U.S. WTI: about 39–41° API – light and easy to refine
Iran Light: about 33–36° API – medium-light
Russia Urals: about 30–32° API – medium and more sulfur
Venezuela (Merey/Orinoco): about 15–16° API – very heavy and thick
In simple terms:
The lighter the oil → the easier and cheaper it is to refine → the more profit refineries can make.
That’s why countries and refineries compete for access to high-quality crude, and why global oil politics often depend not just on how much oil exists, but what type of oil it is.
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