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PRCrude Oil Distillation
Crude oil distillation is the process of separating crude oil into different useful products based on their boiling points.
It is done in a refinery using a Fractional Distillation Column.
Crude oil is a natural mixture of hydrocarbons found underground.
After refining, it gives petrol, diesel, kerosene, LPG, etc.
Process of Fractional Distillation
1️⃣ Heating
Crude oil is heated to about 350–400°C in a furnace.
It becomes a mixture of liquid and vapor.
2️⃣ Entering Distillation Column
The hot mixture enters a tall fractionating column.
The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top.
3️⃣ Separation by Boiling Point
Different hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures.
Heavy fractions condense at the bottom.
Light fractions rise and condense at the top.
Main Fractions Obtained
Fraction
Boiling Range
Uses
LPG
Below 40°C
Cooking gas
Petrol (Gasoline)
40–120°C
Cars
Naphtha
120–180°C
Petrochemicals
Kerosene
180–250°C
Jet fuel
Diesel
250–350°C
Trucks, generators
Lubricating oil
300–370°C
Engine oils
Bitumen
Above 370°C
Road construction
Simple Diagram Explanation (Text Form)
Top (Cool)
⬆ LPG
⬆ Petrol
⬆ Kerosene
⬆ Diesel
⬇ Lubricating oil
⬇ Bitumen
Bottom (Hot)
Why Distillation is Important?
Produces fuels for transportation
Produces raw materials for plastics
Supports industries and power generation
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