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FUHuman Cell Components
1. Cell Membrane
Function:
• Protective outer boundary of the cell
• Controls what enters and leaves the cell
• Communicates with other cells using receptors
Key parts:
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Membrane proteins
• Cholesterol
• Carbohydrate chains
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2. Nucleus
Function:
• The control center of the cell
• Contains DNA (genetic material)
• Regulates cell growth and reproduction
Main structures:
• Nuclear envelope
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin
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3. Mitochondria
Function:
• Produces energy (ATP) for the cell
• Known as the powerhouse of the cell
• Performs cellular respiration
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4. Ribosomes
Function:
• Protein synthesis
• Builds proteins from amino acids
Found:
• Floating in cytoplasm
• Attached to rough ER
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5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Types:
Rough ER
• Covered with ribosomes
• Produces proteins
Smooth ER
• Produces lipids
• Detoxifies chemicals
• Stores calcium
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6. Golgi Apparatus
Function:
• Modifies proteins and lipids
• Packages them into vesicles
• Ships them to other parts of the cell or outside the cell
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7. Lysosomes
Function:
• Breaks down waste materials
• Digests damaged cell parts
• Contains digestive enzymes
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8. Cytoplasm
Function:
• Jelly-like fluid inside the cell
• Holds organelles in place
• Site of many metabolic reactions
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9. Cytoskeleton
Function:
• Maintains cell shape
• Helps cell movement
• Supports organelles
Main components:
• Microtubules
• Microfilaments
• Intermediate filaments
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10. Centrosome & Centrioles
Function:
• Organizes microtubules
• Important for cell division (mitosis)
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