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THThe Colonization and Decolonization of Africa
European colonization of Africa began in the 1500s when Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands established small trading posts along the coast.
By 1800, these ports had expanded and started to reach inland.
And in the 1890s, imperialism surged during the "Scramble for Africa," as countries sought colonies for raw goods, captive markets, and national pride.
Despite the promises of self-determination for which WWI was fought, the 1920s actually saw the growth of empires with the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain taking control of German territory in Africa.
But after WWII, social and financial pressures, along with organized independence movements, helped ignite Africa's decolonization.
For many regions, the transition was violent. Civil war, conflict with their former colonizers, new dictatorships, foreign-backed coups, and military rule shaped the early years of decolonization.
In 1977, Djibouti officially became the last country in Africa to gain independence from European rule. But today, African nations continue to navigate challenges to their sovereignty from global economic systems.
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