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MITo convert a DNA sequence into a protein sequence, the process of transcription and translation is involved. During transcription, the information in a gene's DNA is passed to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Translation, the second step, takes place in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA interacts with a specialized complex called a ribosome, which "reads" the sequence of mRNA nucleotides. Each sequence of three nucleotides, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a “stop” codon, which does not code for an amino acid. This process is known as gene expression and is a fundamental principle of molecular biology.
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